abdillah.eloufirJul 4, 2026
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2.3 Transfer of thermal energy
2.3.1 Conduction
1 Describe experiments to distinguish between good and bad thermal conductors
2 Describe thermal conduction in all solids in terms of atomic or molecular lattice vibrations and also in
terms of the movement of free (delocalised) electrons in metallic conductors
2.3.2 Convection
1 Explain convection in liquids and gases in terms of density changes and describe experiments to illustrate
convection
2.3.3 Radiation
1 Describe the process of thermal energy transfer by infrared radiation and know that it does not require a
medium
2 Describe the effect of surface colour (black or white) and texture (dull or shiny) on the emission, absorption
and reflection of infrared radiation
3 Describe how the rate of emission of radiation depends on the surface temperature and surface area of an
object
4 Describe experiments to distinguish
