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11 Particle physics 11.1 Atoms, nuclei and radiation Candidates should be able to: 1 infer from the results of the α-particle scattering experiment the existence and small size of the nucleus 2 describe a simple model for the nuclear atom to include protons, neutrons and orbital electrons 3 distinguish between nucleon number and proton number 4 understand that isotopes are forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei 5 understand and use the notation A Z X for the representation of nuclides 6 understand that nucleon number and charge are conserved in nuclear processes 7 describe the composition, mass and charge of α-, β- and γ-radiations (both β– (electrons) and β+ (positrons) are included) 8 understand that an antiparticle has the same mass but opposite charge to the corresponding particle, and that a positron is the antiparticle of
